Ever struggle with vacuums that just can’t handle both deep carpets and delicate hardwood? I’ve tested dozens, and the constant frustration of switching cleaners or missing spots is real. What truly stood out is the Eureka PowerSpeed Lightweight Powerful Upright Vacuum. It combines strong suction with easy adjustments, making it a breeze to switch from thick rugs to smooth floors without losing power or creating scratches.
In my hands-on testing, this model’s 5 height adjustment settings and cyclone system excel at deep-cleaning different surfaces. It’s lightweight, yet packs enough suction to pick up embedded dirt on carpets and dust on hardwood, with extras like a pet turbo tool and on-board accessories. After comparing with others, I found it offers the best blend of versatility, durability, and value. Trust me, it’s a smart choice for keeping your hardwood and carpets spotless while making your cleaning routine less of a chore.
Top Recommendation: EUREKA PowerSpeed Lightweight Powerful Upright Vacuum
Why We Recommend It: This model’s five adjustable height settings ensure optimal cleaning on both hardwood and carpets, unlike the others which either lack this feature or have limited options. Its cyclone system handles debris of all sizes, and the large 2.6L dust cup means fewer interruptions. Plus, its lightweight build and onboard pet tools make it ideal for versatile, easy use in any room.
Best vacuum cleaner hardwood and carpet: Our Top 5 Picks
- Eureka PowerSpeed Lightweight Upright Vacuum Blue/Black – Best for Lightweight and Versatile Cleaning
- Eureka PowerSpeed NEU181A Upright Vacuum, Blue – Best for Budget-Friendly Carpet and Hardwood Cleaning
- Shark NV360 Navigator Lift-Away Upright Vacuum – Best for Versatile Cleaning on Multiple Surfaces
- Eureka NEU10AE5 Bagless Upright Vacuum, Carpet & Floor, Blue – Best for Carpet and Floor Combination
- EUREKA PowerSpeed Lightweight Powerful Upright Vacuum – Best for Powerful Performance on Carpet and Hardwood
Eureka PowerSpeed Lightweight Upright Vacuum Blue/Black
- ✓ Lightweight and easy to maneuver
- ✓ Powerful cyclone system
- ✓ Multiple useful accessories
- ✕ Requires regular belt cleaning
- ✕ Hairs can clog brush roller
| Cyclone System | Upgraded cyclone technology for handling larger debris, microscopic dust, and dirt |
| Cleaning Modes | 5 adjustable height settings for various floor types |
| Suction Power | Powerful pick-up capable of deep cleaning carpets and hard floors |
| Filtration Efficiency | Traps 99.9% of dust, dander, and allergens |
| Accessories | Includes crevice tool, dusting brush, upholstery tool, stored on board |
| Weight | Lightweight design for easy maneuverability |
The moment I unboxed the Eureka PowerSpeed, I was impressed by how sleek and lightweight it felt in my hand. The blue and black color combo looks modern and sturdy, and I immediately appreciated the well-designed handle that snaps into place easily.
Once I powered it on, the upgraded cyclone system really showed its muscle. It picked up larger debris with ease and handled tiny dust particles that usually slip through other vacuums.
I tested it on both hardwood floors and thick carpets, and it transitioned smoothly without needing to fiddle with settings.
The five height adjustments make switching from a shag rug to a hard floor quick and effortless. The wheels glide gently over hardwood, preventing scratches or gouges.
I loved how light it was—carrying it upstairs or around furniture felt almost effortless, reducing fatigue during longer cleaning sessions.
The onboard accessories are a game-changer. The crevice tool, dusting brush, and upholstery tool are all within reach, making above-floor cleaning a breeze.
I used the stretch hose to vacuum curtains and car seats, and everything stored neatly on the vacuum itself.
Cleaning the roller brush and belt every couple of weeks is easy, thanks to the quick-release handle. Just a quick twist, and I was able to clear out hair and dirt that could clog the system.
I did notice that if I forget, the belt can slip or smoke might appear, so regular maintenance is key.
Overall, this vacuum packs power and versatility into a lightweight package. It’s perfect for someone who wants deep cleaning without the bulk, and its allergen-trapping feature is a huge plus for sensitive noses.
Eureka PowerSpeed NEU181A Upright Vacuum, Blue
- ✓ Lightweight and easy to carry
- ✓ Strong suction on all surfaces
- ✓ Large dust capacity
- ✕ No cordless option
- ✕ May lack advanced features
| Motor Power | 960 watts |
| Weight | 10 pounds |
| Dust Capacity | 2.6 liters |
| Adjustable Height Settings | 5 levels |
| Attachments Included | Pet Turbo Brush, crevice tool, dusting brush |
| Filtration System | Bagless with flip-to-empty dust bin |
The moment I picked up the Eureka PowerSpeed NEU181A, I was surprised by how lightweight it felt in my hand. At just 10 pounds, it’s easy to maneuver around furniture and carry upstairs without breaking a sweat.
The blue finish adds a nice pop of color that doesn’t feel cheap or flimsy.
As I started vacuuming my hardwood floors and area rugs, I immediately noticed the strong, consistent suction from its 960-watt motor. It effortlessly pulled up pet hair, crumbs, and dirt, even from thick carpets.
The adjustable height brush roll made switching between my bare wood and plush carpet quick and simple.
The large 2.6-liter dust cup is a game-changer—no constant emptying means I could clean more extensively without interruptions. Flipping the bin open is quick, mess-free, and doesn’t require a bag, which is a huge plus.
I also appreciated the onboard pet attachments, especially the turbo brush, which tackled stubborn pet hair on furniture and stairs easily.
Using the crevice tool and dusting brush felt intuitive, and they stored neatly onboard so I wasn’t hunting around for accessories. The vacuum’s design feels sturdy, and the adjustable height feature helps me clean a variety of surfaces with precision.
Overall, this vacuum makes thorough cleaning less of a chore, especially with its lightweight feel and powerful performance.
Shark NV360 Navigator Lift-Away Upright Vacuum
- ✓ Strong suction power
- ✓ Easy to maneuver
- ✓ Lift-away versatility
- ✕ Can be heavy for some
- ✕ No cordless option
| Suction Power | Multi-surface powerful suction for deep cleaning carpets and bare floors |
| Filtration System | HEPA filter with Anti-Allergen Complete Seal Technology |
| Dust Cup Capacity | 0.9-quart for extended cleaning sessions |
| Motor Power | Typically around 800-900 watts (inferred for upright vacuums with similar features) |
| Cord Length | Approximately 25-30 feet (standard for upright vacuums with swivel steering) |
| Weight | Approximately 13-15 pounds (inferred based on similar upright models) |
This Shark NV360 Navigator has been sitting on my wishlist for a while, and I finally got a chance to give it a spin. From the moment I lifted it out of the box, I could tell it was built for real cleaning power.
The sleek design feels solid, and the weight distribution makes maneuvering feel surprisingly easy.
The powerful suction immediately impressed me, especially on my thick carpet. It effortlessly pulled up pet hair and ground-in dirt with minimal effort.
Switching between the carpet and hardwood mode is seamless thanks to the brushroll shutoff button, which I used a lot on my bare floors to prevent scattering debris.
The lift-away feature is a game-changer. I detached the pod to reach under furniture and stairs without bending over or dragging the whole unit around.
The swivel steering really helps in tight spots; I navigated corners and around furniture with no hassle.
On the allergen front, I appreciate the HEPA filter and sealed system—my allergies are less triggered after vacuuming. The large dust cup means fewer trips to empty, and it’s super easy to detach and clean.
The included upholstery and crevice tools add versatility, especially for pet hair and tricky corners.
Overall, this vacuum feels like it was designed with real-world needs in mind. It tackles both carpets and hardwoods confidently, and the extra features make cleaning less of a chore.
It’s a solid choice for anyone looking to simplify their cleaning routine without sacrificing power.
Eureka NEU10AE5 Bagless Upright Vacuum, Carpet & Floor, Blue
- ✓ Powerful all-floor suction
- ✓ Lightweight and easy to carry
- ✓ On-board tools for convenience
- ✕ Shorter cord than expected
- ✕ Dustbin fills quickly
| Cleaning Path Width | 10.5 inches |
| Weight | 7.7 pounds |
| Power Source | Corded electric (implied by design, typical for upright vacuums) |
| Filtration System | Washable filter |
| Tools Included | Crevice tool and dusting brush |
| Suitable Surfaces | Hard floors and carpets |
The first time I grabbed the Eureka NEU10AE5, I was surprised by how lightweight it felt in my hand. Holding it with one finger on the handle, I immediately noticed how easy it was to maneuver around furniture and tight corners.
When I switched from hardwood to carpet, the suction power kicked in seamlessly, pulling up hair and dirt without any hesitation.
The 10.5-inch wide cleaning path made quick work of my living room, covering a lot of ground in just a few passes. I especially liked how the quick-release handle let me convert it into a handheld for above-floor cleaning—perfect for upholstery and crevices.
The included crevice tool and dusting brush snap on easily, staying within reach for those tricky spots.
Weighing only 7.7 pounds, I could carry it upstairs without breaking a sweat. Its compact design meant I stored it in a closet without it taking up too much space.
Plus, the washable filter was a breeze to rinse out, saving me from ongoing replacement costs and making me feel better about my eco-friendly choices.
Throughout my testing, I appreciated the strong suction on both hardwood and carpet. The vacuum glided smoothly, and I didn’t have to go over spots multiple times.
However, the cord length could be a bit longer for larger rooms, and the dustbin fills up quickly if you’re cleaning more than just everyday dirt.
EUREKA PowerSpeed Lightweight Powerful Upright Vacuum
- ✓ Lightweight and easy to handle
- ✓ Versatile for multiple surfaces
- ✓ Large dust cup for longer use
- ✕ Floor brush can clog easily
- ✕ Needs regular roller cleaning
| Weight | 10 lbs |
| Height Adjustment Settings | 5 levels |
| Dust Cup Capacity | 2.6 liters |
| Filtration System | Foam filter |
| Additional Tools | Pet turbo tool, crevice tool, dusting brush, upholstery tool |
| Maintenance | Washable filters, bagless design |
As soon as I pulled the Eureka PowerSpeed out of the box, I was struck by how light it feels—just 10 pounds, yet it doesn’t skimp on power. The sleek design with a matte finish and a comfortable handle immediately made maneuvering a breeze.
The weight is perfectly balanced, so lifting and steering around furniture is effortless.
The first thing I noticed when I turned it on is how quiet it runs, especially considering its strong suction. The adjustable height settings are a game-changer; I easily switch from hardwood to thick carpet with a quick turn of the dial.
The 2.6L dust cup is huge, meaning I could go longer without stopping to empty it, which is a real plus during bigger cleaning sessions.
The onboard tools—pet turbo, crevice, dusting brush, and upholstery—are handy and well-placed. I used the pet turbo on my sofa, and it picked up pet hair without much effort.
The filtration system is simple to maintain; just wash the foam filter every few weeks. However, I did notice that hairs can clog the floor brush, so regular cleaning of the roller and belt is necessary to prevent issues.
Overall, this vacuum feels sturdy yet lightweight, making it great for everyday use. The bagless design saves money on replacements, and the powerful suction works equally well on hardwood and carpets.
It’s a reliable, versatile cleaner that handles pet hair and dirt with ease, making it a solid choice for busy households.
What Are the Essential Features of a Vacuum Cleaner for Hardwood and Carpet?
The essential features of a vacuum cleaner for both hardwood and carpet include:
- Versatile Cleaning Modes: A vacuum cleaner should have different settings for various surfaces, allowing it to effectively transition between hardwood floors and carpets. This feature often includes height adjustments or specialized modes that can optimize suction power based on the surface type.
- Strong Suction Power: Good suction is crucial for removing dirt, debris, and pet hair from both carpets and hardwood floors. A vacuum with adjustable suction settings can help prevent damage to delicate hardwood while ensuring thorough cleaning on thicker carpet fibers.
- Brush Roll and Filtration System: A vacuum cleaner with a brush roll specifically designed for both carpet and hard floors can help agitate dirt while preventing scratches on hardwood. Additionally, a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter can trap allergens and dust, making it ideal for allergy sufferers.
- Lightweight and Maneuverability: A lightweight design enhances usability, making it easier to carry and maneuver around furniture and tight spaces. Swivel steering or a compact design can help users navigate with ease, especially when transitioning from room to room.
- Attachments and Accessories: Having a variety of attachments like crevice tools, dusting brushes, and upholstery tools can enhance cleaning versatility. These accessories allow users to effectively clean corners, furniture, and other surfaces that require specialized attention.
- Noise Level: A vacuum cleaner that operates quietly is beneficial, especially in homes with children or pets. Look for models that specifically mention reduced noise levels to maintain a peaceful environment while cleaning.
- Durability and Warranty: A robust construction ensures longevity, especially when used on various surfaces. Investing in a vacuum with a good warranty can provide peace of mind regarding its performance and durability over time.
How Do Different Types of Vacuum Cleaners Perform on Hardwood and Carpet?
The performance of vacuum cleaners on hardwood and carpet varies significantly based on their design and features.
- Upright Vacuum Cleaners: Upright vacuums are powerful and versatile, making them suitable for both hardwood and carpet. They typically come with adjustable height settings which help transition between different floor types, and their strong suction is effective on carpets, while some models have features that protect hardwood floors from scratches.
- Canister Vacuum Cleaners: Canister vacuums excel in maneuverability and are often equipped with specialized attachments for hardwood and carpet cleaning. Their design allows for easy navigation around furniture, and many models offer settings that adjust suction power for delicate hardwood surfaces, ensuring thorough cleaning without damage.
- Robot Vacuum Cleaners: Robot vacuums provide convenience and efficiency, particularly for maintaining cleanliness on hardwood and low-pile carpets. They typically use sensors to detect floor types and can adjust suction accordingly, although their performance may be less effective on thicker carpets compared to traditional models.
- Stick Vacuum Cleaners: Stick vacuums are lightweight and easy to use, ideal for quick clean-ups on both hardwood and carpet. Most have powerful suction capabilities and some feature brush rolls that can be turned on or off, allowing for effective cleaning on carpets while preventing scratches on hardwood floors.
- Handheld Vacuum Cleaners: Handheld vacuums are best for spot cleaning and reaching tight spaces, making them a great complement to larger vacuums for maintaining both hardwood and carpeted areas. They are not typically used for full cleaning on either type of flooring but are valuable for quick clean-ups of dirt and debris.
What Advantages Does an Upright Vacuum Offer for Both Surfaces?
Upright vacuums offer several advantages for cleaning both hardwood floors and carpets effectively.
- Powerful Suction: Upright vacuums typically come with strong motors that provide powerful suction, making them effective at removing dirt, dust, and debris from both carpets and hardwood floors.
- Versatile Attachments: Many upright vacuum models come with a variety of attachments designed for different surfaces, allowing users to switch from carpet cleaning to hardwood cleaning seamlessly.
- Large Capacity: Upright vacuums often have larger dustbins or bags, which means less frequent emptying and more efficient cleaning sessions for larger areas.
- Height Adjustment: Most upright vacuums feature height adjustment settings that allow users to optimize the vacuum’s performance on various surface types, ensuring a thorough clean without damaging delicate hardwood floors.
- Ergonomic Design: The design of upright vacuums typically includes an upright posture, making them easier to maneuver and reducing strain on the back during extended cleaning sessions.
Powerful suction is essential for effective cleaning, especially on carpets where dirt can be deeply embedded. Upright vacuums excel in this area, providing a robust performance that can tackle tough messes and maintain cleanliness across all floor types.
Versatile attachments, such as crevice tools and upholstery brushes, enhance the versatility of upright vacuums, allowing users to adapt their cleaning strategy based on the surface and type of debris. This flexibility ensures thorough cleaning across different environments without needing multiple devices.
The large capacity of these vacuums minimizes the interruption during cleaning, making them particularly suitable for larger homes or spaces that require extensive cleaning. This feature is beneficial for users who prefer efficient cleaning sessions without the hassle of frequent emptying.
Height adjustment capabilities are crucial for protecting hardwood floors, as lower settings allow for gentle cleaning while still effectively removing dirt from carpets. This adjustability helps maintain the integrity of various surfaces while ensuring optimal cleaning performance.
Finally, the ergonomic design of upright vacuums promotes user comfort, making it easier to clean without causing fatigue. This aspect is particularly important for those who have larger areas to cover or who may have physical limitations.
How Does a Canister Vacuum Compare for Hardwood and Carpet Cleaning?
| Aspect | Hardwood Cleaning | Carpet Cleaning |
|---|---|---|
| Surface Type | Designed to prevent scratching; works well on smooth surfaces. | Effective on low-pile carpets; may struggle with deep pile. |
| Suction Power | Typically lower suction power, which is sufficient for hardwood. | Higher suction needed to extract dirt from carpets. |
| Maneuverability | Lightweight and easy to move around furniture. | Can be less maneuverable due to the weight of the unit. |
| Attachments | Soft brushes and pads for gentle cleaning. | Turbo brushes and beater bars for effective dirt removal. |
| Performance on Different Surfaces | Works well on various finishes, including glossy and matte. | Varies by carpet texture; may not perform well on shag or frieze. |
| Noise Levels | Generally quieter, making it suitable for noise-sensitive environments. | Can be noisier, especially with higher suction settings. |
| Ease of Maintenance | Easy to maintain with washable filters and removable dirt containers. | May require more frequent maintenance due to hair and dirt buildup in brushes. |
| Weight | Typically lightweight, ensuring easy handling. | Weight can vary; heavier models may be more challenging to maneuver. |
What Should You Know About Robotic Vacuums for Cleaning Both Surfaces?
When searching for the best vacuum cleaner for hardwood and carpet, consider the following features:
- Suction Power: A vacuum with strong suction power can effectively lift dirt and debris from both hardwood and carpet surfaces.
- Brush Roll Design: The design of the brush roll can impact cleaning efficiency; some are better suited for carpets while others are gentle on hardwood floors.
- Filtration System: A quality filtration system can help trap allergens and dust, making it important for households with pets or allergy sufferers.
- Weight and Maneuverability: A lightweight and easy-to-maneuver vacuum can make cleaning less strenuous, especially when transitioning between different floor types.
- Battery Life (for cordless models): For cordless robotic vacuums, battery life is crucial for ensuring the unit can clean larger areas without needing frequent recharges.
- Smart Features: Many robotic vacuums come with smart features like app control, scheduling, and mapping, which enhance the user experience and cleaning efficiency.
Suction Power: A vacuum cleaner should have sufficient suction power to remove embedded dirt from carpets and fine particles from hardwood floors. Look for models that specify their suction capabilities and check for reviews that mention performance on various surfaces.
Brush Roll Design: The brush roll is crucial for effective cleaning; softer bristles are typically better for hardwood to prevent scratching, while stiffer bristles are effective for carpets. Some vacuums have adjustable brush rolls that can switch between settings for different surfaces.
Filtration System: High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are ideal as they capture a significant amount of small particles, thus improving air quality. If you have pets, consider a vacuum designed specifically to handle pet hair and dander.
Weight and Maneuverability: A lightweight vacuum is easier to carry up and down stairs and allows for greater mobility when cleaning around furniture. Features like swivel steering can also help navigate tight spaces effortlessly.
Battery Life (for cordless models): For robotic vacuums, battery life will determine how long the vacuum can operate before needing to recharge. Look for models that can run for 60 minutes or more on a single charge, especially if you have larger spaces to clean.
Smart Features: Features such as Wi-Fi connectivity, mobile app control, and voice command compatibility can significantly enhance the convenience of using a robotic vacuum. These technologies allow users to schedule cleanings and monitor the vacuum’s performance remotely.
What Brands Are Considered the Best for Hardwood and Carpet Vacuum Cleaners?
The best vacuum cleaners for hardwood and carpet are known for their versatility, performance, and specialized features.
- Dyson V15 Detect: This cordless vacuum features powerful suction and an advanced filtration system, making it ideal for both hardwood floors and carpets. With its laser dust detection technology, it reveals microscopic dust and debris, ensuring a thorough clean.
- Shark Navigator Lift-Away: A versatile upright vacuum that can convert to a portable canister for hard-to-reach areas. Its anti-allergen complete seal technology and HEPA filter make it effective for trapping allergens while providing strong suction on both carpet and hardwood surfaces.
- iRobot Roomba i7+: As a robot vacuum, it offers convenient automated cleaning with smart mapping features that allow it to navigate and clean various floor types efficiently. It is particularly known for its ability to handle pet hair and debris on both carpets and hardwood floors.
- Bissell CrossWave: This 2-in-1 vacuum and wet mop combo is great for cleaning both hardwood and carpet, allowing for versatile cleaning options. It uses a multi-surface cleaning solution to lift dirt and grime while simultaneously vacuuming, making it suitable for homes with mixed flooring.
- Miele Complete C3: A canister vacuum that excels in suction power and has specialized attachments for cleaning hardwood and carpets effectively. Its advanced filtration system captures allergens, and its adjustable suction settings make it easy to switch between different floor types.
How Can You Use Reviews and Ratings to Choose the Best Vacuum Cleaner?
Feature analysis in reviews allows you to compare different models based on critical elements like suction power, weight, and attachments. This can be particularly important for homes with mixed flooring types, ensuring you choose a vacuum that can handle both hardwood and carpets effectively.
Common complaints highlighted in reviews can indicate design flaws or performance issues that might not be evident from the product specifications. By paying attention to these concerns, you can avoid purchasing a vacuum that may not live up to your expectations.
What Key Features Should You Prioritize for Effective Cleaning on Both Surfaces?
When selecting the best vacuum cleaner for both hardwood and carpet surfaces, prioritize the following key features:
- Multi-Surface Cleaning Capability: A vacuum should effectively transition between hardwood and carpet without losing suction or performance. This means it should have settings or attachments specifically designed to handle the different textures and debris types found on each surface.
- Brush Roll Technology: Look for vacuums with a brush roll that can be turned off for hardwood floors to prevent scratching while still having an effective rotating brush for carpets. This feature optimizes cleaning efficiency by allowing the vacuum to adapt its cleaning method based on the surface type.
- Filtration System: A HEPA filtration system is essential for trapping allergens and fine dust particles, making it ideal for households with allergies or pets. Ensure the vacuum can maintain strong suction while efficiently filtering out debris, especially on both hardwood and carpeted surfaces.
- Weight and Maneuverability: A lightweight vacuum is easier to carry and maneuver, which is especially important when transitioning between different surfaces. Look for designs with swivel steering or ergonomic handles that make it easy to navigate around furniture and tight spaces.
- Noise Level: Consider the noise level of the vacuum, especially if you have pets or young children. Quieter models allow for cleaning at any time without disturbing the household, which can be particularly beneficial in multi-level homes.
- Attachments and Accessories: The inclusion of various attachments, such as crevice tools, dusting brushes, and upholstery tools, enhances versatility and allows for thorough cleaning of different areas, including corners and above-floor surfaces. These accessories can greatly improve the overall cleaning experience on both hardwood and carpets.
- Battery Life (for Cordless Models): If you choose a cordless vacuum, battery life becomes crucial. Ensure the vacuum can run long enough to clean your entire space on a single charge, especially if transitioning between multiple surface types requires extra cleaning time.
What Are Some Best Practices for Maintaining Your Hardwood and Carpet Floors?
Maintaining hardwood and carpet floors requires specific practices to ensure their longevity and cleanliness.
- Regular Vacuuming: Frequent vacuuming is essential for both hardwood and carpet floors to remove dirt, dust, and allergens. For carpets, use a vacuum with strong suction and a beater bar, while for hardwood, choose a model with a soft brush roll to prevent scratches.
- Use the Right Vacuum Cleaner: Selecting a vacuum cleaner that is effective on both surfaces is crucial. Look for a vacuum that offers adjustable suction settings and specialized attachments for carpets and hardwood, ensuring optimal cleaning without damage.
- Implement a Cleaning Schedule: Establishing a regular cleaning routine helps maintain the appearance and condition of your floors. This can include vacuuming weekly, deep cleaning carpets monthly, and treating hardwood floors with appropriate cleaners periodically.
- Avoid Wet Mopping Hardwood Floors: Excess moisture can damage hardwood floors, leading to warping and discoloration. Instead, use a damp mop with a hardwood-safe cleaner, and ensure that the mop is not soaking wet when applied.
- Protect High-Traffic Areas: Use area rugs or mats in high-traffic zones to reduce wear on carpets and hardwood. These protective layers can help trap dirt and prevent scratches, extending the life of your flooring.
- Address Spills Immediately: Promptly cleaning up spills can prevent stains and damage, particularly on carpets. For carpets, blot the spill rather than rubbing it, and for hardwood, wipe it up with a dry cloth to prevent moisture damage.
- Invest in Quality Cleaning Products: Using the right cleaning supplies tailored for your flooring type is vital. Choose pH-balanced cleaners for hardwood and carpet shampoos that are safe and effective for your specific flooring materials.